SQL Subquery vs JOIN: Simple Explanation with Easy Examples

A subquery is a query (SQL statement) inside another query.It’s like asking one question inside another question to get your final answer. Syntax: Example of a Subquery Imagine two tables: students id name class_id 1 Ramesh 101 2 Priya 102 3 Amit 101 classes class_id class_name 101 Science 102 Arts Question: Find students who belong … Read more

Difference Between WHERE and HAVING in SQL: A Complete Guide with Examples

Here’s a simple and clear explanation of the difference between WHERE and HAVING in SQL: Quick Explanation Difference Between WHERE and HAVING Feature WHERE HAVING Purpose Filters rows before grouping (used on individual rows) Filters groups after grouping (used with GROUP BY) Used With Any table or query Only with GROUP BY or aggregate functions … Read more

PHP 8 New Feature – Nullsafe Operator for Beginners

Null-safe operator is a new syntax in PHP 8.0, that provides optional chaining feature to PHP. In PHP, when working with objects, sometimes a property or method may not exist (it can be null).Normally, checking this requires multiple if conditions to avoid errors. PHP 8 introduced the Nullsafe Operator (?->) to make this easy. Old Way (Before … Read more

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PHP 8 New Feature: Constructor Property Promotion Made Simple

Constructor Property Promotion is a new syntax in PHP 8 that allows class property declaration and constructor assignment right from the constructor. In PHP (before version 8), when we created a class, we had to: This meant writing a lot of repeated code. Old Way (Before PHP 8) Here we are writing $name and $age two times: New Way … Read more

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Match Expression: How to Use in PHP 8 for Cleaner Code

The match expression, introduced in PHP 8.0, offers a modern way to handle multiple conditional checks. The new match expression in PHP 8 is a control flow structure that matches a given subject expression with one or more alternative conditional expressions using identity comparison and returns a value from the matched branch. Match expression syntax … Read more

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PHP – 8.0 New Features Named Arguments

PHP, and many other programming languages, support positional parameters: The caller passes the parameters in the same order the function/method declares its parameters. In PHP 8.0, Named Parameters support is added, which means it’s now possible to call a function/method by setting the parameters by their name. Named Arguments (introduced in PHP 8) let you … Read more

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Union Types in PHP 8: A Complete Guide with Examples

Union types are one of the most exciting new features in PHP 8. Its accepts values of multiple different data types, rather than a single one. Union Types allow a function, method, or property to accept multiple different types for a parameter, return value, or property. Before PHP 8, you usually had to rely on PHPDoc annotations … Read more

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PHP 8.0 JIT: Everything You Need to Know About Just-In-Time Compilation

JIT (Just-In-Time) compilation is a technique where code is converted into machine language at runtime instead of being purely interpreted or precompiled. In PHP, this means the Zend Engine (PHP’s core runtime) can translate PHP opcodes (intermediate code) into native machine code just before execution. As a result, PHP can run certain workloads much faster, … Read more

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PHP 8 New Features: Everything You Need to Know

PHP has evolved significantly with the release of PHP 8 and its subsequent versions. Developers now benefit from improved performance, cleaner syntax, and a range of modern programming features. Whether you’re an experienced PHP developer or just starting out, familiarizing yourself with these updates is essential for building efficient, maintainable, and future-ready applications. PHP 8.0 … Read more

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Prepare for Your SQL Interview: Simple Questions & Answers

What is SQL? SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used to communicate with and manage data in relational database management systems (RDBMS) like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle. What are the different types of SQL statements?  DDL, DML, DCL, TCLWhat is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?What is a primary key?What is a foreign key?What is the … Read more