When building web applications in PHP, security is very important. One common but less-known attack is Host Header Injection. In this attack, a hacker changes the Host header in the HTTP request to trick your application. In this guide, we’ll learn what Host Header Injection is and how to prevent it in PHP. What is … Read more
String-Based Questions 1. Reverse a string — without using built-ins.2. Is it a palindrome? Let’s find out.3. Remove duplicates from a string — efficiently.4. First non-repeating character — who stands alone?5. Count how many times each character appears.6. Flip the words in a sentence, not the letters.7. Are two strings anagrams? Prove it.8. Longest substring … Read more
PHP switch statement is like a traffic police who decides where to send the traffic (code execution) depending on the signal (value). Instead of writing many if…else if…else, we can use switch for cleaner code. Syntax: Example (Easy to understand) Imagine you enter a canteen and ask for food based on a number: Output: You … Read more
When we say “reverse an array,” it means we want the last element to come first, and the first element to go last. For example, if we have: The reversed version will be: Using array_reverse() function PHP provides a built-in function called array_reverse() to reverse arrays easily. Syntax: <?phparray_reverse(array, preserve);?> array → The array you … Read more
Null-safe operator is a new syntax in PHP 8.0, that provides optional chaining feature to PHP. In PHP, when working with objects, sometimes a property or method may not exist (it can be null).Normally, checking this requires multiple if conditions to avoid errors. PHP 8 introduced the Nullsafe Operator (?->) to make this easy. Old Way (Before … Read more
Constructor Property Promotion is a new syntax in PHP 8 that allows class property declaration and constructor assignment right from the constructor. In PHP (before version 8), when we created a class, we had to: This meant writing a lot of repeated code. Old Way (Before PHP 8) Here we are writing $name and $age two times: New Way … Read more
The match expression, introduced in PHP 8.0, offers a modern way to handle multiple conditional checks. The new match expression in PHP 8 is a control flow structure that matches a given subject expression with one or more alternative conditional expressions using identity comparison and returns a value from the matched branch. Match expression syntax … Read more
PHP, and many other programming languages, support positional parameters: The caller passes the parameters in the same order the function/method declares its parameters. In PHP 8.0, Named Parameters support is added, which means it’s now possible to call a function/method by setting the parameters by their name. Named Arguments (introduced in PHP 8) let you … Read more
Union types are one of the most exciting new features in PHP 8. Its accepts values of multiple different data types, rather than a single one. Union Types allow a function, method, or property to accept multiple different types for a parameter, return value, or property. Before PHP 8, you usually had to rely on PHPDoc annotations … Read more
JIT (Just-In-Time) compilation is a technique where code is converted into machine language at runtime instead of being purely interpreted or precompiled. In PHP, this means the Zend Engine (PHP’s core runtime) can translate PHP opcodes (intermediate code) into native machine code just before execution. As a result, PHP can run certain workloads much faster, … Read more